Diphtheria Vaccinations

Diphtheria is a rare but very serious respiratory infection that can damage the heart and other organs, as well as destroy human body tissue. The microorganism that causes diphtheria is the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. A virus known as a bacteriophage may then infect the bacteria so that they start to synthesize toxins that prevent the patient’s cells from making proteins.

How is diphtheria spread?

Diphtheria is spread by an infected person sneezing or coughing droplets with the disease on you. You can also catch it through prolonged contact with a sufferer and from contact with a patient’s bedding or clothes.

There is also a form of diphtheria that affects the skin when bacteria invade a wound resulting in skin lesions.

Is diphtheria dangerous?

One out of every ten persons infected with diphtheria dies from the disease and this made diphtheria one of the most feared of childhood illnesses. In 1924 there were 9,057 cases reported in Canada, the highest annual number of cases ever. Vaccination was introduced in 1926 and has been widely taken up since 1930. Today there are about 0-4 cases reported each year in Canada.

The film Balto is a dramatized account of how in a January 1925 a diphtheria epidemic was averted when multiple dog sled teams carried serum in relay across Alaska through blizzard conditions and temperatures as low as -31°C.

Diphtheria symptoms

Following infection with diphtheria bacteria, a greyish-white membrane forms at the back of the throat, which can block the airway. This symptom also causes a swollen neck that is sometimes described as “bull-like”, a barking cough and swallowing and breathing difficulties.

Bacterial toxins can cause heart damage and organ failure, even after apparent recovery.

If you suspect you have diphtheria, get medical help immediately. Treatment is with antibiotics and antitoxins if needed. Isolation may be necessary.

Will I catch diphtheria if I travel to…

There is a risk of contracting diphtheria in Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South East Asia and in South America. It can spread quickly and easily in overcrowded areas. Diphtheria cases occur in regions of conflict and disaster zones, particularly where the infrastructure has broken down. Advice regarding the need for vaccination against diphtheria changes in response to outbreaks. Ask your Canadian Travel Clinics adviser for guidance, or check the Government of Canada’s advice for your destination.

How can I avoid diphtheria?

Apart from keeping your diphtheria booster up to date, you can protect yourself by avoiding contact with people known to be suffering from diphtheria. Diligent handwashing and covering sneezes and coughs can reduce the risk of infection.

Avoiding crowded areas, particularly in places where the disease is known, can also reduce the risk of infection.

Respiratory infections such as diphtheria are more common during the colder months, so if you think you are vulnerable, plan a visit during the summer.